The darkers

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2452. Cinquante ans après les événements sur la planète l'Envolée de Malik... Thierry-9, intelligence artificielle créée à partir du corps du Dieu Malik se réveille face à Jason Hauer. La discussion qu'ils entament embarque Thierry-9 dans un voyage à travers l'espace, le temps et les souvenirs de Malik, et revient sur le vol tragique du Vihaan II. Une quête qui les mènera, définitivement, à l'origine des Dieux. Les frontières entre l'humanité et le divin s'estompent encore davantage dans cet arc final magistral de Al Ewing (Immortal Hulk, Avengers...) et Simone Di Meo (Tortues Ninjas & Power Rangers) de la série multi-nommée aux Eisner Awards. " Cette épopée spatiale poursuit son éclosion comme une fascinante fleur extraterrestre. " AIPT " C'est l'une des séries les plus complètes que j'ai jamais lues. Le dessin est incroyable, l'histoire est captivante et brillamment menée. " But Why Tho ? " We Only Find Them When They're Dead est un comics cinématographique, tout aussi inventif que passionnant. " Multiversity Comics

On n'oublie jamais la première fois que l'on voit un Dieu. Les Dieux sont toujours magnifiques. Et les Dieux sont toujours morts. 2367, aux confins de la galaxie. Dans ce futur lointain, l'humanité a épuisé toutes ses ressources et doit sa survie à l'exploitation de dieux morts flottant dans l'espace, dont les cadavres gigantesques servent désormais de matière première. Le Vihan II est l'un des nombreux vaisseaux nécropsiques qui arpentent le cosmos dans l'espoir de trouver ces divinités providentielles. Mais Georges Malik, son capitaine, nourrit une obsession : pourquoi les dieux ne se révèlent-ils que lorsqu'ils sont morts ? Pour tenter de s'émanciper de ce système gangréné par les inégalités et la pauvreté, tout l'équipage s'embarque alors dans un périple sous haute tension à la recherche d'un dieu vivant.

2414. Cinquante ans se sont écoulés depuis la mission funeste du Vihaan II. L'univers a changé radicalement, partagé entre les Moissonneurs et les Adorateurs. Jason Hauer, le dernier membre survivant de l'équipage du capitaine Malik, mène une vie de prisonnier. Quand l'ambassadrice des Mondes Internes vient négocier la paix entre les deux clans, Jason se retrouve au coeur d'une machination impliquant son ancien capitaine d'une façon qui dépasse l'entendement... Tout juste auréolé du titre de meilleur lancement pour un indé HiComics, We Only Find Them When They're Dead, de Al Ewing (Immortal Hulk, Avengers...) et Simone Di Meo (Tortues Ninjas & Power Rangers), est de retour avec un deuxième tome crucial pour Malik et son équipage. " Si la chronologie du premier tome de We Only Find Them When They're Dead vous a étonné, attendez-vous à être soufflés par la façon dont commence ce second arc. " Comicbook. com " Le changement de rythme donne encore plus de profondeur et de mystère à cet univers fascinant. De la SF de haut vol superbement illustrée, à lire absolument. " Big Comic Page

Diana Armfield RA Hon RWS NEAC a un attachement personnel pour ses sujets et une affinité subtile et distincte avec les rythmes de formes et de tons. Ces qualités font d'elle une personne influente et populaire dans l'art moderne britannique. Ses représentations de fleurs lui ont valu de grands éloges mais ce livre (créé pour marquer son 100ème anniversaire), représente pleinement sa sensibilité pour les paysages et les lieux. Sa vie fascinante d'artiste est actualisée dans ce livre qui regroupe un nombre exaltant de ses oeuvres les plus récentes. 'I think I was born making things', Diana comments to Andrew Lambirth, whose absorbing interview with her forms the narrative thread of Diana Armfi eld : A Lyrical Eye. Diana's was a creative childhood steeped in experiments with drawing, pottery and embroidery, played out against the backdrop of a picture-fi lled house, a lovely garden and an artistic family. She studied at Bournemouth, Slade and Central art schools, starting out as a talented textile designer - a legacy that lent her a unique approach to the geometry, cadences and colour qualities of a painting. After organising cultural activities for workers and troops in World War II, Diana became one half of a successful partnership designing textiles and wallpaper, whose work featured in the Festival of Britain in 1951. The 1960s brought a turn to painting and from 1966 Diana has been a regular exhibitor at the prestigious Royal Academy Summer Exhibition. She has continued to paint and draw throughout her life and, as this book clearly demonstrates, always thinks afresh about each subject she tackles in order to respond to it with a close, warm sincerity. Diana Armfield : A Lyrical Eye charts Diana's personal and artistic journey with over 200 beautiful reproductions of her work, tracing favourite subjects and events - from a Welsh landscape to an informal flower display or the much-loved location of a painting trip in Italy or France. Andrew Lambirth's interview also explores the unique bond with her husband, painter Bernard Dunstan, who died in 2017, looking at how two leading artists interwove their personal and creative lives over a marriage of almost 70 years. As well as this interview, Andrew has contributed an essay on Diana's work to the book. Diana's standing and popularity have led to regular exhibitions, especially at prominent London gallery Browse & Darby. Her work is held in private and public collections worldwide, from London's V&A to the Yale Center for British Art.

Learn ActiveX Development Using Visual C++ 6.0 presents the basics of the Component Object Model, the ActiveX Template Library, and the Microsoft Foundation Classes, and explains how these technologies all work together to create cutting-edge components for modem applications and web pages. The text then covers the creation of several types of ActiveX controls in both ATL and MFC, and how to support Property Pages and events in both ATL and MFC. Finally, the author explores the mechanics of using ActiveX on the Internet. Learn ActiveX Development Using Visual C++ 6.0 is the first in Wordware's series of ActiveX/COM-oriented books for Visual C++ programmers. While some of the information within these books overlaps to ensure that each book stands alone, each does focus on a specific ActiveX/COM-related technology. Look for these other titles: Learn OLE DB Development with Visual C++ 6.0 (1-55622634-9), Learn ActiveX Template Library Development with Visual C++ 6.0 (1-55622-633-0), and Learn Microsoft Transaction Server Development Using Visual C++ 6.0 (1-55622-629-2). This book: > Presents the basics of COM, ATL, and MFC. > Shows how to create several types of controls in both ATL and MFC. > Demonstrates Property Page and event support in ATL and MFC. > Explores the use of ActiveX on the Internet. > Includes a CD containing complete source code and projects; several third-party applications and utilities for creating HTML, CDF, OSD, and ASP files; and trial versions of Borland tools.

A sequel to Rock Springs and Women with Men, the collection of short stories entitled A Multitude of Sins was published in 2001 and immediately achieved worldwide recognition. If this series of ten short stories seems to feature adultery, it would be a major mistake to believe that the stories can be reduced to what is actually a side issue or a pretext to something else, sometimes of much greater importance. As often with great writers, Richard Ford tackles several other topics along with the sin of unfaithfulness which is a base camp from which to go further up into the knowledge of human deficiency, lack and want. Pondering these sins, Richard Ford lays them all bare while often unveiling the issue of the story right from the beginning, instead of cautiously preserving it as a last chance literary trick to pull it off at the fast moment. Showing insight through observation, his writing is deceptive in as much as it seems natural and easygoing when it requires close analysis and several successive readings to yield up its literary and humane secrets. The comparison some critics have made to Chekhov is not overblown and Agregation students, certainly among the most perceptive readers in the world, should naturally enjoy both reading and studying A Multitude of Sins, pleasure and scholarship being complementary, not antagonistic. The exclusive interview of Richard Ford at the end of the book will certainly be appreciated by Agregation students, who will thus be able to finish off their knowledge of Ford's works.

This collection of articles shows that some media products ought to carry a mental health warning : Some school books still contain simplistic presentations of England and Germany. English and German journalists admit that the entertainment value of their articles sometimes takes precedence over impartial reporting. English children's books may contain a reasonable mixture of good and bad Germans but some wartime films needed more sinister types for propaganda. "Made in Germany" originated in English legislation as a label against German competition but became a German marketing tool. A minister in Margaret Thatcher's cabinet made unprintable remarks about Germany. When they were printed, the Ridley Affair proved to be the beginning of the downfall of Britain's controversial Prime Minister.

In this series of papers, we investigate the relative index theorem from the point of view of algebraic analysis. On a complex manifold X, let M he a coherent Dx-module and F an IR-mnstruc-tible sheaf. The complex RHompx (M, RHom(F, Ox)) is the complex of solutions of the system of PDE represented by M in the sheaf of generalized holomorphic functions associated to F. A natural problem is to find conditions under which such a complex has finite dimensional global cohomology and then to compute the corresponding Euler-Poincaré characteristic. We prove the finiteness theorem when (M, F) has compact support and is "elliptic", i.e. : char(M) n SS(F) C TxX where char(M) is the characteristic variety of M, SS(F) is the micro-support of F and TxX is the zero section of the cotangent bundle. In fact, we give a relative version of this finiteness result together with the associated duality theorem and Künneth formula. Our methods rely upon results of functional analysis over a .sheaf of Fréchet algebras obtained by one of the authors. Next, we attach a "microloeal Order class" µeu(M, F) E H2dx char M+SSF (T X ; D) to any elliptic pair (M, F) and prove that, under natural assumptions, this class is compatible with direct images, inverse images and external products. In particular, we get the index formula : X(RP(X ; RHom(M x F ; Ox))) = f yeu(M, F) T2xx (M) = fTX yeu (M) U yeu (F). When F = CM and X is a complexification of the real analytic manifold M, our salts for the pair (M, F) give an index theorem for elliptic systems and we discuss its relations with the Ariyah-Singer theorem.

Julien VERMEULEN : Hugo Claus à New York (1959) In 1959-1960, Hugo Claus spent six months in the US, Mexico and Cuba. In the course of his trip he wrote down a number of impressions and experiences which he later turned into a cycle of poems, entitled "Reportage" (1961). In terms of contents and style these poems differ from his previous work. Claus now uses a style which is less hermetical : apart from this remarkable transparency, a wide range of ironic expressions, ambivalent idioms, contrasting registers and playful characterisations constitute a lexicological diversity. The great number of assonances and the use of non-literary text registers also characterize these poems. In this way this cycle anticipates later work in which Claus systematically applies diverse collage techniques. The poems "N. Y. 1" and "N. Y. 2" are also an exceptional testimony of the feelings of isolation and vulnerability of the lyrical "I". In 1959-1960 bracht Hugo Claus zes maanden door in de VS, Mexico en Cuba. Tijdens zijn verblijf noteerde hij enkele indrukken en ervaringen die hij later in de gedichtenreeks "Reportage" (1961) uitwerkte. Inhoudelijk en stilistisch wijkt deze poëzie af van zijn vroeger werk. Claus hanteert hier immers een stijl die minder hermetisch is : naast een opmerkelijke transparantie constateren we ook lexicografische diversiteit met allerlei ironische en ondermijnende dubbele bodems, kritische en contrastieve registers, ludieke en spottende typeringen. Ook het grote aantal assonanties en het gebruik van niet-literaire tekstregisters karakteriseren deze gedichten. In die zin anticipeert deze cyclus op zijn later werk waarin hij talrijke collagetechnieken op een systematische wijze toepast. De openingsgedichten "N. Y. 1" en "N. Y. 2" getuigen ook op een uitzonderlijke wijze van het isolement en de kwetsbaarheid van de ik-figuur. Sarah BEEKS : Masscheroen ou trois messieurs nus. L'engagement artistique de Hugo Claus dans les années soixante In the spring of 1968 Hugo Claus was officially charged with public indecency. The fact that he had staged three naked men in his play Masscheroen, could not be tolerated by to the conservative judiciary in Flanders. The lawsuit caused a great fuss within the artistic milieu : art and literature had regularly been censored and something had to be done. Inspired by the activist élan of May '68, Claus and his colleagues chose to act upon their artistic commitment. Through cheerful happenings and poetic protest evenings they fought for the autonomy of art and literature. In het voorjaar van 1968 werd Hugo Claus aangeklaagd wegens openbare zedenschennis. In zijn toneelstuk Masscheroen had hij drie naakte mannen laten optreden en dat kon volgens de conservatieve rechterlijke macht in Vlaanderen niet door de beugel. De zaak leidde tot veel ophef binnen het artistieke milieu : kunst en literatuur werden eind jaren zestig veelvuldig gecensureerd en dat werd niet langer geaccepteerd. Aangestoken door het activistische elan van mei '68 besloten Claus en zijn collega's zich artistiek geëngageerd te tonen. Door middel van vrolijke happenings en poëtische protestavonden bevochten zij de autonomie van kunst en literatuur. Pieter VERSTRAETEN : Le corps du Christ. Le roman A propos de Dédé et le catholicisme Hugo Claus's short novel Omtrent Deedee [With regard to Deedee], which appeared in 1963, can be read in a variety of ways. In general, two slightly antagonistic interpretative models have been dominant so far : whereas the early literary analysis by Julien Weverbergh focuses on the symbolic dimension of the story, a commentator such as Bert Vanheste emphasizes the novel's connection with contemporary social discussions, such as the debates on the democratization of Catholic faith in the context of Vaticanum II (1962-1965). In this article I want to further develop the latter perspective by reading the book primarily as a commentary on Catholic faith, understood in its institutional as well as its ideological dimensions. In particular, I focus on the kind of priesthood the main character Deedee is embodying, on the relation between the priest Deedee and the young homosexual Claude, who seems to represent an alternative kind of priesthood, and on the process of transubstantiation, which plays a major role in all this. Finally, I relate the motif of transubstantiation to Claus's conception of meaning and symbolism. It appears that the religious sacrament as well as the signifying process are based on the interaction between the concrete and material on the one hand and the abstract and ideal on the other. In the end, in Omtrent Deedee, both categories are unmasked as mere social constructs, failing to do what they promise : restoring an original, sacral union or wholeness. Van Hugo Claus' korte roman Omtrent Deedee, verschenen in 1963, zijn heel verschillende interpretaties mogelijk. Grosso modo staan daarbij twee verschillende lectuurmodellen tegenover elkaar. Terwijl de vroege analyse van Julien Weverbergh vooral inzet op de symbolische dimensie van het verhaal, vraagt iemand als Bert Vanheste expliciet aandacht voor de betrokkenheid van de roman op contemporaine maatschappelijke problemen, zoals de discussies rond de democratisering van het katholieke geloof die plaatsvinden in de context van Vaticanum II. In dit artikel wil ik dat tweede perspectief verder uitwerken door Omtrent Deedee in de eerste plaats te lezen als een commentaar op het katholieke geloof, zowel op de institutionele als op de ideologische dimensie ervan. Ik focus daarbij op de aard van het priesterschap van het hoofdpersonage Deedee, op de relatie tussen de geestelijke Deedee en de jonge homoseksueel Claude, die een alternatieve priesterrol op zich neemt, en op het sacrale proces van de transsubstantiatie, dat bij dit alles een cruciale rol lijkt te spelen. Tenslotte verbind ik het motief van de transsubstantiatie met Claus' visie op betekenis en symboliek. Zowel het religieuze sacrament als het proces van betekenisgeving zijn immers gebaseerd op de interacties tussen het concrete en materiële enerzijds en het abstracte en ideële anderzijds. Finaal worden beide categorieën in Omtrent Deedee ontmaskerd als louter sociale constructies die er niet in slagen hun belofte waar te maken en een oorspronkelijke, sacrale eenheid en heelheid te herstellen. Tom SINTOBIN : Raconter en bafouillant, bafouiller en racontant. Traumatisme et narrativité chez Hugo Claus In this article two novels by Hugo Claus are analysed from the perspective of Trauma theory : Desire (1978) and The sorrow of Belgium (1983). Trauma destroys an individual's life-narrative and results in a Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In Desire it is Didi that seems to suffer from it : she lost her human identity and her awareness of time, she is barely able to speek - which means that she has lost the plot that can give her life meaning and coherence. The reader is never told what exactly is the matter : all he gets are flashes, which are not sufficient to tell him the whole story. Moreover, he is confronted with the fact that the language of the novel is very ambiguous. These two characteristics - the unability to get to a fullblown story and the loss of language - the reader shares with a PTSD-patient, which suggests that this novel has a performative aspect : the reader lives through the same drama as that of the characters. In The sorrow of Belgium, uncle Omer is confronted with a malfunctioning language and ability to narrate. His problem manifests itself in repetition and in misunderstandings due to the ambiguity of words. The reader encounters exactly the same problem at the end of the novel, when a passage that seemed rather superficial at first sight in reality turns out to be full of meaning. However, there are characters in this novel whom one would expect to be traumatised that nevertheless do not show the typical characteristics. Above all the father, Staf, talks endlessly about the terrible things that happened to him, even so much that the members of his family are no longer interested. The feeling of the "surplus" of narratives, that are as a consequence not healing any more but aim at hiding something, is a feeling shared by the reader while he is reading this strange novel, which gets in its turn a performative aspect. In dit artikel worden twee romans van Hugo Claus, Het verlangen (1978) en Het verdriet van België (1983) bestudeerd vanuit het perspectief van traumastudies. Daarbij wordt een trauma gedefinieerd als datgene wat het levensnarratief van een individu vernietigt, met een Post Traumatic Stress Disorder tot gevolg. In Het verlangen blijkt Didi's pathologie daar nogal wat kenmerken van te hebben : ze is haar menselijke identiteit kwijt, haar tijdsbesef is ontregeld, ze kan amper nog spreken - zij heeft dus niet langer de beschikking over een levensnarratief dat haar bestaan zinvol en coherent kan maken. De lezer verneemt echter nooit precies wat er aan de hand is : hij krijgt slechts flitsen te zien en komt niet tot een sluitend verhaal. Bovendien wordt hij ermee geconfronteerd dat de taal van de roman wel heel meerzinnig wordt. Deze beide kenmerken - het onvermogen om tot een verhaal te komen en het verlies van taal - deelt de lezer met een PTSD-patiënt, zodat het verhaal in overdrachtelijke zin performatief is geworden : de lezer ondervindt het drama van de personages aan den lijve. Ook in Het verdriet van België komt er een personage voor wiens taal en verhalend vermogen hapert : Nonkel Omer. Zijn aandoening uit zich onder meer in herhaling en in misverstanden door dubbelzinnige woorden en blijkt ook de lezer parten te spelen wanneer die zich tegen het einde van de roman met een ogenschijnlijk anekdotische maar in werkelijkheid uitermate beladen passage geconfronteerd ziet. Nochtans zijn er ook personages waarvan men zou kunnen aannemen dat ze getraumatiseerd zijn zonder dat ze de kenmerken van een PTSD vertonen : vooral vader Staf vertelt honderduit over wat hem is overkomen, zelfs in die mate dat zijn verhalen niet meer interessant gevonden worden door zijn huisgenoten. Het gevoel van de overdaad aan verhalen, die niet langer heilzaam zijn maar iets verbergen, maakt zich ook van de lezer meester bij zijn lectuur van deze vreemde roman. Het verdriet van België heeft zodoende op zijn beurt iets performatiefs. Dirk VAN HULLE : Claus et la narratologie exogénétique. La cognition externe (extended mind) et les notes de lecture autour du Chagrin des Belges This article combines genetic criticism with a post-Cartesian approach to cognitive narratology, notably to the examination of literary evocations of the fictional mind. The case study is the genesis of Hugo Claus' novel Het verdriet van België. The exogenetic analysis of two extant notebooks shows how the author's reading notes contribute not just to the fictional cosmology of the novel, but also to the cognitive cosmology of the characters' 'extended' minds. The article argues that for Claus, as for many twentieth-century authors, the materiality of the avant-texte served as a cognitive model for the evocation of the workings of the fictional mind. Dit artikel combineert tekstgenetisch onderzoek met een post-Cartesiaanse benadering van de cognitieve narratologie, in het bijzonder het onderzoek naar vormen van literaire bewustzijnsrepresentatie. De gevalstudie is de genese van Hugo Claus' roman Het verdriet van België. Uit de exogenetische analyse van twee bewaard gebleven notitieboeken blijkt hoe de lectuurnotities bijdragen, niet alleen tot de fictionele kosmologie van de roman, maar ook tot de cognitieve kosmologie van personages en hun "extended mind" . Het artikel argumenteert dat voor Claus, net als voor heel wat twintigste-eeuwse auteurs, de materialiteit van de avant-texte heeft gefungeerd als cognitief model voor literaire bewustzijnsrepresentatie. Malgorzata DUBROWSKA : Die mythische Welt Anna Seghers'. Literarische Bilder aus dem französischen Exil Alongside her journalistic undertakings, literary works by Anna Seghers left trajectories of her residence as an immigrant in France between the years 1933-1941. In her literary works, the writer often depicted in a metaphorical way the world of immigration experiences : Sense of instability, isolation, life intimidations and also consciousness of replication of the immigrant' destiny. She brought a universal literary vision that corresponded to the biblical tradition and the world of the Greek and Roman mythologies. The author of this article, based on the selected literary works of Anna Seghers that were created in France, catalogues the universal experiences of the existence of the human kind, that in Seghers' works become mythical. Les textes littéraires d'Anna Seghers, qui complètent son activité publicistique, où elle décrit d'une manière métaphorique ses expériences d'expatriée, en disent long sur les années de son exil en France (1939-1941). La précarité, l'isolement, le danger de mort et la conscience de réitération de l'existence d'exilé font naître une vision littéraire universelle qui puise tant dans la tradition biblique que dans les mythologies grecque et romaine. A travers les textes littéraires retenus, issus de la période française, l'auteur de la présente contribution tente de concrétiser cette expérience atemporelle de l'existence humaine à laquelle Seghers donne une dimension mythique.

Au Cameroun et au Nigeria, les taurins - petits bovins sans bosse - sont très minoritaires par rapport aux zébus. ils présentent pourtant l'avantage D'être mieux adaptés au milieu : résistants à la mouche tsé-tsé, ils pourraient aider à la mise en valeur des zones infestées et ils apparaissent dans certaines régions humides comme les seuls bovins aptes à favoriser l'inter-pénétration de l'agriculture et de l'élevage. Mais la relance de ces élevages, tant au Cameroun qu'au Nigeria, a toujours posé problème : l'imbrication du social, du religieux et du politique dont ils sont porteurs en fait des élevages archaïques. difficilement récupérables par les Sociétés villaGeoises contemporaines, et donc en voie d'extinction. La " laïcisation " du taurin et son introduction dans une économie de marché restent à faire. Cet ouvrage réunit des géographes, ethnologues, anthropologues, vétérinaires-zootechniciens. Il contribue à une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement social des élevages, et apporte une description précise de ces animaux et de leur comportement : deux préalables nécessaires à l'identification de " nouveaux types d'éleveurs " et à la mise en œuvre de nouvelles pratiques zootechniques et sociales. In Cameroon and Nigerina, taurines - small humpless cattle -form a minority in comparison with zebu. Nevertheless, they are better suited to the environment. Taurines (Bos taurus) are resistant to tsetse fly and could help in the farming of infested zones and are the only cattle that can be reared it in combination with arable farming in certain wet regions However, relaunching taurine rearing in both Cameroon and Nigeria has always been a problem. The overlapping of the social religious and political spheres in which they are involved means that rearing is archaic, difficult to adopt by contemporary village societies and is therefore disappearing, The taurine remains to be rendered "secular" and incorporated in a market economy. Geographers, ethnologies, anthropologists and veterinary/zootechny specialists have contributed to this book. It provides better understanding of the social functioning of taurine rearing and a precise description of the cattle and their behaviour. The latter features are prerequisites for the identification of new types of animal farmers and the implementation of new zootechnical and social practices.

The Wider Goldsmiths' Trade in Elizabethan and Stuart London is the first book to study all aspects of the Goldsmiths' trade. It challenges the assumption that the manufacture of silver plate and gold jewellery was the company's only activity during the seventeenth century. It considers allied trades such as refining, wiredrawing, and the making of small-swords and watches, as well as the development of the modern banking system. On Elizabeth I's accession, England was essentially a 'third world economy', with exports mainly of wool, unfinished woolen cloth and some minerals, whilst imports consisted of a great range of goods including luxuries such as silks, fine linens, and even scissors. By the end of the seventeenth century, the situation was transformed : a burgeoning maritime trade with many parts of the world enabled the import of raw materials as well as some luxury goods and a wide range of exports which included certain goods produced in London with an international reputation for quality, such as beaver hats and mathematical instruments. Throughout the period, religious refugees and economic migrants brought their skills and knowledge to England. At the Restoration, Royalists returning to London from the Continent introduced French and Low Country fashions in dress, manners, cuisine and dining practice. Refining, wiredrawing, and the making of plate, smallwares and jewellery were at the heart of the trade and of concern to the Goldsmiths' Company that had responsibility for ensuring that the correct alloys were used for silver and gold wares. This was not always the case for clocks, watches and swords. Nevertheless, they are included in this study as several members of the Company were instrumental in the development of clock and watch making in the city. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, the great increase in the sale of watches with gold and silver cases forced the Company to become involved in the control of this trade. Similarly, after the Civil Wars, the wearing of the small-sword by all those with aspirations to gentility gave rise to a demarcation dispute between the Goldsmiths' and Cutlers' Companies. Further, during the Commonwealth, goldsmith-bankers developed the clearing system which led to modern retail banking. This book considers the wider Goldsmiths' trade against dynamic changes : the organization and control of its branches and the design, manufacture and sale of its wares. The twelve chapters cover a range of topics - from history and context, to the various branches of the trade.

We don't talk about it and avoid the tension generating subject. Snoring makes us laugh or even cry. We very much want to get rid of it. There are ways to fight it. You will find an inventory of them herein, complete with advice on how to improve them, but that's not all ! This book sets forth a natural and original manner of curing snoring and sleep apnea. It's an actively engaging method as opposed to others which confine the snorer to a passive role (drugs, surgery, etc.), proposing exercises by which the snorer strengthens and activates his oral cavity and refines its sensations. Validated by numerous doctors, physical therapists and practitioners of alternative medicine, this book can be read on different levels : by those who are just discovering their snoring problem as well as by those who are well aware of it but haven't yet found a satisfactory solution.

Architect, designer and world traveler, Serge Gladky was a major figure in the rise of the modernist aesthetic and the decorative style known as Art Deco. In that style, he created a series of compositions widely regarded as among the most inspired and innovative in modem design. Among them are intricate lattice works of geometric inspired motifs, bizarre compositions containing surreal animals and images, bold abstracts, mysterious collages of symbolic forms and shapes, whimsical Cubist-flavored constructions resembling heads, and much more. This beautiful volume, faithfully reprinted in glowing full color from rare original French portfolios, contains over 60 of Gladky's finest designs. A landmark achievement in the evolution of a great international design style, the patterns are now available for the first time to artists and craftspeople for copyright-free use in design and craft projects. Because of Gladky's far-ranging travels and studies throughout Asia and Eastern Europe, his designs and use of color brought a new and potent exoticism to the essentially Western European, Paris-centered Art Deco aesthetic. His striking originality and innovative conceptions are on display here, ready to delight and inspire artists, illustrators and craftspeople, who will find Gladky's work one of the most imaginative and beautifully wrought achievements in 20th-century design.

Lonely Planet's Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles is our most comprehensive guide that extensively covers all the country has to offer, with recommendations for both popular and lesser-known experiences. Hike through Cirque de Mafate, relax in the waters of Denis Island, dive to the rock formations off Mauritius ; all with your trusted travel companion. Inside Lonely Planet's Mauritius, Reunion and Seychelles Travel Guide : Lonely Planet's Top Picks - a visually inspiring collection of the destination's best experiences and where to have them Itineraries help you build the ultimate trip based on your personal needs and interests Local insights give you a richer, more rewarding travel experience - whether it's history, people, music, landscapes, wildlife, politics Eating and drinking - get the most out of your gastronomic experience as we reveal the regional dishes and drinks you have to try Diving and Hiking in Réunion Toolkit - all of the planning tools for solo travellers, LGBTQIA+ travellers, family travellers and accessible travel Colour maps and images throughout Language - essential phrases and language tips Insider tips to save time and money and get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots Covers ort Louis, Central Plateau, Grand Baie, Flic en Flac, Rodrigues, St-Denis, the Cirques, St-Pierre, Mahe, Praslin, La Digue and more

This fully illustrated catalogue is the first of its kind to examine the relationship between money, power, resistance and dissent. It accompanies major exhibitions at The Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge and the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto. War, revolution and protest are defining themes in all periods of world history, shaping national identities and influencing material and visual culture in myriad ways. The ubiquity of money makes it a powerful vehicle for diseminating the messages of the state to the public, but the symbolic and nationalistic iconography of currency could also be subverted or mutilated in powerful acts of defiance, rebellion and propaganda. Beginning in Britain in the wake of the American and French Revolutions, the exhibition explores the political and social tensions present in society, and communicated through the production or defacement of money, over the past 200 years. It contrasts the use of money by the radicals of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, such as Thomas Spence, and the Suffragette movement, with the money produced by European empires as they scrambled to dominate the rest of the world. The currency histories of the two World Wars reveal the subversion of the very nature of what money is, and highlight the role of money as the tool of occupation, imprisonment, resistance and remembrance. The coins countermarked during the Troubles in Northern Ireland hint at the polarised nature of political discourse and sectarian violence. The exhibition culminates with the work of contemporary artists and activists who use money to highlight the challenges of the modern world, both locally and globally - as a canvas, as a raw material, or as a powerful means of communication. From a unique coin commemorating the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 to a Syrian banknote refashioned to raise awareness of the refugee crisis, this publication showcases many newly acquired objects from the Fitzwilliam Museum collection, alongside materials from the Archive of Modern Conflict. These objects are enhanced by a number of important loans from museums and private collections, including the cannon used at the Battle of Mafeking, an exploded transit van and contemporary art works that take money, its authority and destruction as their theme. Each object constitutes a witness statement to its time and its conflict, and each section has its own story to tell. The chapters - by archaeologists, historians, curators, and artists - create a rich context for the more than 130 objects in the catalogue, most of which have never been studied in depth or published before.

In the ten years since its publication, Japanese for Busy People has won acceptance worldwide as an effective, easy-to-understand textbook, either for classroom use or for independent study. In this new edition, numerous revisions and additions have been made, taking into account the comments and responses of both students and teachers who have been using the course. In Book 1, the revisions are directed at making the grammatical explanations easier to understand, while adding further explanations of points that students have difficulty with. Changes have also been made in favor of more natural practice sentences and dialogues. In addition, new appendices list the particles, interrogatives, and sentence patterns in the book, as well as the kanji introduced. More fundamental revisions have been made to Book II, which has been expanded and divided into two volumes, Book II and Book III. The changes result in a smoother transition from Book I, make new grammatical elements clearer, and present more natural practice dialogues and exercise sentences. This concise course in natural Japanese is ideal for such students as businessmen whose aim is a working knowledge of the spoken language in everyday life. "Survival Japanese for Adults," as it might be called, gets to the heart of the language without recourse to childish or classroom-only Japanese. Vocabulary and grammar have been limited to about one-third that usually encountered in beginner courses, and words and patterns that students will find immediately useful are emphasized. The thirty lessons are composed of dialogues, notes on grammar, and vocabulary, exercises, and quizzes. In addition to developing verbal fluency, by the time the student is one-third of the way through Book 1, he or she will have mastered the two phonetic syllabaries of Japanese, hiragana and katakana.

Various factors have contributed to the proliferation of small homes. One is the high price of land. Another reason is the change in family types. Throughout history it has been considered normal for various generations of the same family to share the family home all their lives. Today family models have changed. Nuclear families are usually reduced to just two generations, i.e., parents and children, and often homes are occupied only by couples or even sole individuals. The reduction in the home's surface area has led to a need to develop ways to integrate all of a space's necessary functions in a practical and cozy fashion. Design aspects can be considered when a home is still being planned, prior to the building and distribution of the rooms. This makes it possible to fit it out to make the mort of each of its features and apply optimal spatial solutions that match the need of the person who will inhabit it. Furniture is vital when it comes to small dwellings. Many manufacturers have now added a large number of items to their furniture collections that address space problems or combine various functions. The décor, which also includes the wall color as well as the flooring and ceiling, is another basic element that should be carefully considered in small spaces. Decorative elements are just as important, as they can be used to create a personal feel that responds to your own particular aesthetic taste. What you must remember is that, even though a home is small, there are many solutions and tricks to maximize its possibilities and achieve a modern, welcoming look.

Want to have fun while learning French ? Meet Ludivine and Antoine. She's a soccer fan and he's a guitarist. You'll discover their daily lives as children living in France - their friends, their school, their hobbies - and you'll pick up the language as you follow their adventures. As you advance through the book, you'll meet Zouzou le hibou, a wily owl who'll provide instructions and explanations, give you challenges to solve, and introduce you to classic French poems and songs. You'll also meet Léon le dragon, who'll give you some great games to play. Last but not least, Kiki la chauve-souris is a brainy bat who'll translate the dialogues for you and give you the answers to our puzzles. With the help of this tip-top trio, you'll progress without difficulty - and, above all, without getting bored.

Cette monographie constitue le dernier volet de publication scientifique du programme "Des espaces et des rites. Pour une archéologie du culte dans les sanctuaires du monde méditerranéen" , commun aux Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome (2012-2016), et rassemble dix essais. Face à la richesse sémantique des genres littéraires et des processus de narration, l'archéologie offre une grande variété d'informations matérielles qui font sens et qui regardent au moins trois domaines, l'architecture et l'organisation des espaces, les objets et les programmes iconographiques ainsi que les pratiques, rituelles ou non, déployées dans les complexes sacrés. C'est la place du religieux dans la vie des cités qui est en jeu ici : on côtoyait les dieux partout, "dans des espaces vécus comme peu humanisés" , dans les murs et hors les murs, dans les espaces urbains, dans la sphère privée, mais aussi et surtout dans la nature, "into the wild" . Toute la perception du divin est analysée ici, dans toutes ses formes, par des chercheurs spécialistes des sanctuaires antiques. This monograph is the last part of the scientific publication of the programme entitled "Spaces and Rites. The Archaeology of Worship in the Sanctuaries of the Mediterranean World", common to the French Schools at Athens and Rome (2012-2016), and brings together ten essays. Faced with the semantic wealth of literary genres and narrative processes, archaeology provides us with a huge variety of material information that makes absolute sense and covers at least three areas, architecture and the organisation of spaces, iconographical objects and programmes, as well as the practices carried out in sacred spaces, be they ritualistic or not. The main issue here is the place of religion in the everyday life of the cities : the Gods were everywhere, "in spaces with little human presence", inside and outside the walls, in urban spaces, in the private sphere but also, and above all in the wild. Here, researchers that specialise in ancient sanctuaries analyse the way the divine is perceived, in all of its forms.

If Chance is a "straw man" and Freedom a distant ideal, then why write poetry in the first place ? Because not all straw men are hollow and because not all ideals should fade into the distance. In his third book of French poetry translated into English, Dotoli continues to shine as a beacon of hope and optimism in a world that often forgets how its prosaic whimpers may still resonate with a lyrical bang.

Klimonas An Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Village in Cyprus Un village néolithique pré-céramique ancien à Chypre Klimonas is the oldest Mediterranean island village. Occupied ca. 8 800 cal BC, it postpones by several centuries the Neolithic presence in Cyprus, at that time located more than 80 km offshore. The village extended over more than 5, 500 mC, facing the sea, 2 km from the famous pre-pottery site of Shillourokambos and near rich flint outcrops. Excavations (2009-2016) revealed that it was composed of circular or oval earthen buildings 3-6 m in diameter, notched into the slope, modestly fitted out and organised around a semi-buried 10 m communal building. The construction techniques, the abundance of either knapped or polished stone material, together with ornaments, symbolic objects, and plants and animal remains, as well as the 52 radiometric dates, point to the end of the Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA). The presence of a communal building, rebuilt numerous times over the course of several decades, also points to the same conclusion. The villagers gathered seeds and fruits and cultivated wild starch and einkorn, recently imported from the continent. They primarily hunted small endemic wild boar, the only large mammal species attested on the island at that time and, secondarily, birds. They did not eat fish or marine shellfish. Domestic dogs, mice and cats brought from the continent also lived in the village. The remains of this cultivator-hunter community testify to the early extension of the Near Eastern Neolithic and to unsuspected seafaring skills, substantially improving our knowledge of the Neolithic transition in the Mediterranean. Klimonas est le plus ancien village insulaire de Méditerranée. Occupé autour de 8 800 av. n. è. , il recule de plusieurs siècles le début de la présence néolithique à Chypre, à cette époque déjà située à plus de 80 km du continent. Le village s'étendait sur 5 500 mC au moins, face à la mer, à 2 km du célèbre site pré-céramique de Shillourokambos et au contact de riches sources de silex. Les fouilles (2009-2016) ont montré qu'il était composé d'édifices de terre crue (bauge) de 3 à 6 m de diamètre, circulaires ou ovalaires, encochés dans la pente, modestement aménagés, organisés autour d'un bâtiment communautaire semi-enterré de 10 m de diamètre. Les techniques de construction, l'abondant mobilier de pierre taillée, le macro-outillage, les parures et objets symboliques, les restes de plantes et les ossements animaux, tout comme les 52 datations radiométriques renvoient à la fin du Néolithique pré-céramique A levantin (PPNA). La présence d'un bâtiment communautaire, plusieurs fois reconstruit en quelques décennies, le confirme. Les villageois pratiquaient la cueillette et cultivaient l'amidonnier et l'engrain sauvages, récemment importés du continent. Ils chassaient un petit sanglier endémique, seule espèce de grand mammifère attestée sur l'île à cette époque, et, secondairement, des oiseaux. Poissons et coquillages marins n'étaient pas consommés. Des chiens domestiques, des souris et des chats de souche continentale vivaient dans le village. Les vestiges de cette communauté d'agriculteurs-chasseurs témoignent de l'extension précoce du premier Néolithique du Proche-Orient et d'une maîtrise insoupçonnée de la navigation. Il enrichit de manière substantielle nos connaissances sur la transition néolithique en Méditerranée.

The twelve lessons forming this volume were originally issued in the shape of monthly lessons, known as "The Advanced Course in Yogi Philosophy and Oriental Occultism" during a period of twelve months beginning with October 1904, and ending September 1905. We have been told, so often, that we must take certain things "on faith, " and that it was "no use bothering our minds concerning them, " but this is only a partial statement of truth, for the Intellect does give us a reliable report concerning the real nature of things. . ". New Thought proponents at the turn of the twentieth century sought to use mysticism to unleash the forces of the universe in themselves. One of the most influential thinkers of this early "New Age" philosophy promises here, in this 1904 book, to show the reader "to see with the clear vision of the Spirit" and how to "achieve the peace of the awakened and conscious soul". As the yogi reminds us, "No occult teaching is ever wasted-all bears fruit in its own good time". With this significant document of the New Thought movement back in print, now may be the time. Content : Lesson I. Light On The Path Lesson II. Some More Light On The Path Lesson III. Spiritual Consciousness Lesson IV. The Voice Of Silence Lesson V. Karma Yoga Lesson VI. Gnani Yoga Lesson VII. Bhakti Yoga Lesson VIII. Dharma Lesson IX. More About Dharma Lesson X. Riddle Of The Universe Lesson XI. Matter And Force Lesson XII. Mind And Spirit American writer WILLIAM WALKER ATKINSON (1862-1932)-aka Yogi Ramacharaka-was born in Baltimore and had built up a successful law practice in Pennsylvania before professional burnout led him to the religious New Thought movement. He served as editor of the popular magazine New Thought from 1901 to 1905, and as editor of the journal Advanced Thought from 1916 to 1919. He authored dozens of New Thought books-including The Philosophies and Religions of India, Arcane Formula or Mental Alchemy and Vril, or Vital Magnetism-under numerous pseudonyms, some of which are likely still unknown today.

Au coeur de l'économie de la connaissance, la question des inventions mises en oeuvre par ordinateur est un sujet passionnant mais complexe du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. L'exclusion de la brevetabilité des programmes d'ordinateur par la Convention sur le Brevet Européen rend l'appréciation de leur brevetabilité problématique. Si les décisions des chambres de recours de l'Office européen des brevets sur la question sont nombreuses, leur compréhension n'est pas toujours aisée ; de plus, celles-ci se situent parfois en contradiction avec les décisions des tribunaux nationaux, entraînant une insécurité juridique. On se souviendra d'ailleurs qu'une directive sur le sujet, visant à harmoniser les pratiques, a été rejetée avec force en 2005 par le Parlement Européen, preuve que le sujet est également sensible. Et alors que la démonstration de la contrefaçon ou encore la coexistence avec le droit d'auteur des logiciels suscitent également des interrogations, les développements récents de la jurisprudence américaine et la résolution de l'AIPPI lors du Congrès de Sydney ravivent les débats. Prenant comme point de départ les contributions présentées lors d'un colloque organisé par l'AACEIPI et le CEIPI le 24 novembre 2017 à la Grand' chambre de la Cour de cassation sur la question, cet ouvrage y ajoute de nombreuses autres études fondamentales avec pour objectif d'offrir une compréhension aussi complète que possible de cette problématique devenue fondamentale pour la pratique actuelle et à venir du droit des brevets. At the heart of the knowledge economy, the protection of computer-implemented inventions is a fascinating yet complex topic in intellectual property law. The exclusion of computer programs from patentable subject-matter by the European Patent Convention renders an assessment of their patentability particularly problematic. Although, numerous decisions have been delivered on this topic by the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, they are not always easy to comprehend ; more so because they are sometimes contradictory to decisions delivered by national courts, thereby giving rise to legal uncertainty. In 2005 a proposed EU Directive which aimed at harmonizing national patent laws and practices of Member States was rejected by the European Parliament by an overwhelming majority, yet again demonstrating the sensitivity of this subject. While the demonstration of infringement and the co-existence of patent protection with protection granted to software under copyright law also raise questions, recent developments in US jurisprudence and the resolution of the AIPPI at the Sydney Congress has revived the debate surrounding this topic. This book amalgamates contributions made at a symposium organized by AACEIPI and the CEIPI on November 24, 2017 (held at the Grand Chamber of the Court of Cassation) with many other fundamental studies on this topic, with the objective of offering a comprehensive understanding on this issue which is critical for both present and future patent law practice.

The son of Douaouf, the brilliant, scribe of the early XIIth Dynasty Xty " Khety " said this : "The man continues to subsist after reaching the haven of death and his actions are beside him in a heap. " If regression is the main cause of the alarming situation of Africa and its tails the perceptibles consequences at all levels, the solution to this problem is eminently political. It inevitably involves the constitution of a pan-African State. For men, there is no unity without memory of the past. In fact, the construction of a federal state inevitably involves the restoration of African historical consciousness. There is no national and federal identity without a common language. The unification of Africa will only be possible if it takes the measure of its linguistic unification issue. To a lesser extent but like Cheikh Anta Diop in his book titled the Cultural Unity, I was animated throughout this heuristic by the idea that only the true knowledge of the past can maintain the consciousness and the feeling of a historical continuity essential to the consolidation of a nation for the purpose of building a multinational state in line with its past. Like Cheikh Anta Diop, I build my sureness on the legitimate idea that a people who lost a significant part of their historical memory must engage in the investigation of their past in every possible way. This investigation can take the contours of a reconnection with its past through so-called old languages. But a people can not live only with by merely repeating of what others tell them about themselves. The investigation through its linguistic past allows especially a direct knowledge of oneself. In addition to the fact that this knowledge simply highlights its weaknesses, it allows also to become aware by an introspective and therefore reflective of its real abilities and strengths. It structures being and the consciousness of being to resist any form of servile and degrading ideology. This quest for the past, not founded on blind passion but objectivity, nourishes a healthy ambition for a real universalism. To know one's past is already to project one's future. To know one's past is to give oneself the capacity to be able to bring to others in a perspective of giving and receiving. To know one's past is to refuse intellectual guardianship and wait-and-seeism. To know one's past is to be reborn.

The son of Douaouf, the brilliant, scribe of the early XIIth Dynasty Xty " Khety " said this : "The man continues to subsist after reaching the haven of death and his actions are beside him in a heap. " If regression is the main cause of the alarming situation of Africa and its tails the perceptibles consequences at all levels, the solution to this problem is eminently political. It inevitably involves the constitution of a pan-African State. For men, there is no unity without memory of the past. In fact, the construction of a federal state inevitably involves the restoration of African historical consciousness. There is no national and federal identity without a common language. The unification of Africa will only be possible if it takes the measure of its linguistic unification issue. To a lesser extent but like Cheikh Anta Diop in his book titled the Cultural Unity, I was animated throughout this heuristic by the idea that only the true knowledge of the past can maintain the consciousness and the feeling of a historical continuity essential to the consolidation of a nation for the purpose of building a multinational state in line with its past. Like Cheikh Anta Diop, I build my sureness on the legitimate idea that a people who lost a significant part of their historical memory must engage in the investigation of their past in every possible way. This investigation can take the contours of a reconnection with its past through so-called old languages. But a people can not live only with by merely repeating of what others tell them about themselves. The investigation through its linguistic past allows especially a direct knowledge of oneself. In addition to the fact that this knowledge simply highlights its weaknesses, it allows also to become aware by an introspective and therefore reflective of its real abilities and strengths. It structures being and the consciousness of being to resist any form of servile and degrading ideology. This quest for the past, not founded on blind passion but objectivity, nourishes a healthy ambition for a real universalism. To know one's past is already to project one's future. To know one's past is to give oneself the capacity to be able to bring to others in a perspective of giving and receiving. To know one's past is to refuse intellectual guardianship and wait-and-seeism. To know one's past is to be reborn.

From September 2011 to December 2013 the Luigi Sturzo Institute in Rome along with the Centre of European Studies planned a series of international scientific meetings to study one highly important political subject : the commitment of Christian Democrats on an international level. This project has been organised thanks to the support of the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, and the International Labour Organisation. Internationalism is a Key Element for the Christian Democrat Identity. In fact, CD is a political movement of thought and action whose roots lie in a specific ideology : to use the German word Weltanschauung, it is based on a particular framework of ideas and beliefs that leads the party to interpret the relationship between men and nations from an international point of view, ensuring the human being a central place in every social policy. The Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel, wrote in a Message to these Meetings : "We can consider ourselves very lucky that 50 years ago forward-thinking personalities founded the World Union of Christian Democrats. From then on, the world, through globalisation, has been deeply changed. Events that take place in other continents immediately impact on our lives. We will be able to protect ourselves from terrorism, achieve economic and social security, and defend our environment only through common global action. This is the task of our generation : to overcome these global challenges. [...] Our parties and our political organisations share a common Christian ideal of man. This ideal, grounded on the inalienability of human dignity, is at the core of one important value : to this man has linked a social and economic model that combines economic success and social responsibility." Her message clearly shows the need to use historical knowledge, to return to and explore a rich and challenging past as well as to develop a reflection on and a course of action for the present and the future.

Album jeunesse bilingue : français-anglais. Bubu et Jimmy sont de meilleurs amis. Cependant, alors qu'ils jouaient au ballon Jimmy perce le ballon de Bubu sans faire exprès. Bubu est alors très en colère. Leur amitié va-t-elle survivre ? Ce livre traite de la valeur du pardon et de l'importance de reconnaître ses erreurs afin de se pardonner les uns les autres. ________________________________________________ Bubu and Jimmy are the best friends. However, while they were playing, Jimmy burst Bubu's ball accidentally. Bubu is very angry. Will their friendship survive ? This book is about the value of forgiveness and the importance of acknowledging mistakes in order to forgive each other.

Strange Adventures examines portrayals of womanhood in the works of prize-winning French author Pierrette Fleutiaux. Fleutiaux's refreshing pictures of womanhood offer insights into how women can become more whole, substantial and free in themselves and in their relationships, as well as how they can contribute to the external world through their creativity and leadership. The study demonstrates how Fleutiaux's heroines navigate the external, bodily and inner situations of adolescence, early adult life, marriage, motherhood, maturity, leadership and death, in the process developing greater inner resources of wisdom, compassion and resilience. This volume considers selections from Fleutiaux's oeuvre, from her first short fiction Histoire de la chauve-souris to her recent Loli le temps venu, including Métamorphoses de la reine (Goncourt de la nouvelle) and Nous sommes éternels (Prix Femina). Using a theoretical framework which draws on Jungian concepts and the philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir, the study analyses women's individuation trajectories at each stage of life. Throughout, Fleutiaux's depictions are shown to pose a challenge to existing conceptions of womanhood and individuality, thus opening up new understandings of what it means to be a woman, and to be human.

Chronic liver infection due to viral hepatitis B and C is a major public health problem. Worldwide, an estimated 750 million people are carriers of these two viruses. Alpha-interferons, such as RoferonI-A, are currently the therapy of choice in chronic viral hepatitis B and C. They are effective in preventing disease progression and life-threatening sequelae : liver cirrhosis, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and variceal hemorrhage and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. On the other hand, discussion has been raised on the potentially enormous cost impact of these genetically engineered drugs in the treatment of an already costly disease. This study identifies and evaluates the long-term clinical and economic effects of RoferonI-A treatment in chronic viral hepatitis B and C over a time period of 10 to 20 years. Clinical and epidemiological data, as well as the detailed health care resource use and cost assessment, reflect the clinical and economic reality in Germany in 1993. A Markov model is used to predict the long-term clinical benefits of RoferonI-A therapy in terms of reduced morbidity and mortality. Based on this, direct costs, savings, and cost-effectiveness are analysed, including : RoferonI-A therapy initiation and follow-up, physician services, laboratory services, medicotechnical services, drug therapy, hospitalization as well as surgical interventions (liver transplantations).